ethylene glycol {antifreeze}.
residue from burning {ash, material}.
Aniline converts, using sodium nitrite, to diazonium chloride, which then reacts with aromatic amine, phenol, or sulphonic acid {azo dye}.
powdered bones {bone meal}.
soft, thick, not-dyed, buffalo or ox leather {buff leather}.
C10H16O [10 and 16 are subscripts] insect repellant and nose clearer {camphor}.
roach killer and neurotoxin {carbamate}.
CCl4 [4 is subscript] {carbon tetrachloride}.
oakum or tar {caulk, compound}.
coarsely woven cloth {cheesecloth}.
C14H9Cl5 [14, 9, and 15 are subscripts] insecticide {dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane} {DDT}.
black hard rubber {ebonite}.
carbon black ink {India ink}, from lampblack.
elephant tusk {ivory}.
glossy black enamel or lacquer {japan}.
CH3C6H9(C3H7)OH [3, 6, 9, and 7 are subscripts] perfume and flavoring {menthol}.
aluminum, soap, and gasoline jelly {napalm}.
190-proof or higher alcohol {neutral spirit}.
feces {night soil}.
C3N3H5O9 [3, 5, and 9 are subscripts] {nitroglycerin} is in dynamite.
Parathion {organophosphate} has phosphate and is an insecticide and neural poison.
Fine metal-oxide powder pigment mixes in linseed oil, natural resin, or synthetic resin, plus some turpentine {paint}| {oil paint}. Paint sets when turpentine evaporates. Paint dries when oil oxidizes and polymerizes. Paint surfaces {finish, paint} can be non-reflective {flat finish} or reflective {high-gloss finish} {glossy finish}. High gloss, brilliant color paint {enamel paint} can have less turpentine and finer solid particles. Resin-based enamel can harden by heat {baked enamel}.
organophosphate insecticide and neural poison {parathion}.
fluorosurfactant breakdown product {perfluorooctanoic acid} (PFOA).
linseed oil and whiting {putty, material}.
sewage sediment {sludge}.
Nitrocellulose powder {smokeless powder} makes little smoke when exploded.
soft airy rubber {sponge rubber}.
C6H10O5 [6, 10, and 5 are subscripts] white powder {starch, clothes}.
animal fats {tallow}.
tar-treated canvas {tarpaulin, material}.
gasoline additive {tetraethyl lead}.
C7H9N3O6 [7, 9, 3, and 6 are subscripts] trinitroyltoluene yellow explosive {TNT}.
methyl alcohol {wood alcohol}.
Fine non-crystalline carbon particles {activated carbon} {activated charcoal}, from charcoal, adsorb impurities from water or remove ozone from air.
hard coal {anthracite coal}.
soft coal {bituminous coal}.
heated wood {charcoal}.
carbon and other minerals {coal}.
heated bituminous-coal gas {coal gas}.
heated bituminous-coal thick liquid {coal tar}.
Heat can remove volatiles from coal {coke}.
Coal-tar liquids {creosote} can be wood preservatives.
brown coal {lignite}.
carbon-containing decayed moss and leaves {peat}.
fibrous mineral {asbestos, mineral}.
dried-intestine strings {catgut}.
ship ropes {cordage}.
cloth fluff {lint}.
abaca fiber {manila hemp}.
hemp or jute fibers in tar {oakum}.
dry decayed wood tinder {punk}.
African palm-leaf fiber {raffia} can be for mats and baskets.
Asian tropical palm-stem fiber {rattan}.
cloth {textile, cloth}.
plant stalks and leaves {thatch}.
thistle-seed down {thistledown}.
Dry fluff {tinder} can catch fire easily.
willow shoot {wicker}.
flower-petal oil {attar}.
Tropical grass oil {citronella} can be for perfume and insect repellant.
Yellow oil {linseed oil} can be from flax seed.
Chinese tung-tree seed oil {tung oil} can be for finishing wood.
pine-tree wood or sap light oil {turpentine}, C10H16 [10 and 16 are subscripts].
Turpentine can add linseed oil, natural resin, or synthetic resin {varnish}|, with no solid pigments. Varnish dries to clear gloss. Varnish can use resin secreted by insect that lives in acacia trees, which dissolves in alcohol {shellac}. Varnish can use cellulose compound in solvent {lacquer}. Varnish can use tree sap in solvent {Oriental lacquer}, which hardens only in high humidity in the dark. Many coats give lustrous, hard finish.
Thin sheets {paper} can be for written records.
material
Paper has cotton, flax, or tree cellulose fibers. Cotton and flax amount {rag content} determines paper quality.
process
Shred wood pulp, cotton, or flax. Added chemicals can make paper water resistant, colorful, or white. Added clay or chalk makes smoother surface, with less porosity.
Wash with chemicals to remove impurities. Bleach. Cook bleached mixture with lime or caustic soda in vat.
Long thin slit on vat bottom edge empties onto wire-mesh belt to make a thin layer of wet paper. Water drips through mesh as belt travels. The thin mat squeezes through hard rubber rollers to remove water.
Final roller can apply watermark. Paper {crepe paper} can wrinkle when still wet. Mat passes through oven and steel rollers to dry completely.
thick compressed wood fibers {beaverboard}.
thick dense cotton-fiber and glue paper {Bristol board}.
paper pulp board {cardboard}.
fibers pressed into solid {fiberboard}.
thin glazed paper {glassine paper}.
thick paper {manila}.
hard fiberboard {Masonite}.
thin translucent paper {onionskin}.
parchment used more than once {palimpsest}|.
pasted paper sheets {pasteboard}.
paper or cardboard sheets bonded by plaster {plasterboard}.
printed computer output {printout}.
powdered-rice sheets {rice paper}.
parchment or papyrus roll {scroll}.
diploma paper {sheepskin}.
heavy paper soaked in tar {tarpaper}.
paper soaked in wax {waxed paper}.
scraped, washed, pared, dusted with chalk, and rubbed with pumice stone sheepskin or goatskin {parchment}.
Parchment {vellum} can use real or imitation calfskin.
Paper sheets {crown, paper}| can be 15 inches by 20 inches.
Paper sheets {demy}| can be 17.5 inches by 22.5 inches.
Paper sheets {foolscap}| can be 13.5 inches by 17 inches.
xylenes {antiknock}.
butane gas liquefied under pressure {bottled gas}.
Liquids {distillate, petroleum} {petroleum, distillate} can be from cracking petroleum.
small stones in asphalt or tar {macadam}.
methane {marsh gas}.
Oil {mineral oil} from petroleum can be a laxative.
methane {natural gas}.
colorless wax {paraffin}.
chemical from petroleum {petrochemical}.
wood, coal, or peat thick black oil {tar, material}.
tar and broken stone mixture {tarmac} {tarmacadam}.
strong synthetic resin {alkyd resin}.
colorless nitrocellulose and camphor {celluloid}.
C6H10O5 [6, 10, and 5 are subscripts] plus acetic acid {cellulose acetate}.
C6H10O5 [6, 10, and 5 are subscripts] plus nitric acid {cellulose nitrate}.
Two different plastics {copolymer} have bonds between them.
Polyesters {Dacron} do not wrinkle.
Two different plastics {diblock copolymer} have bonds between them but are two separate phases.
Elastomer plastics {electroactive polymer}| (EPA) can move by applying electric or magnetic fields.
ionic
Ionic polymer gels, ionomeric polymer-metal complexes, conductive polymers, and carbon nanotubes use low voltage and keep expanding or contracting at any voltage.
electronic
Ferroelectric polymers {perovskite}, electrets, dielectric silicone or acrylic elastomers, and electrostatic graft elastomers use high voltage.
insulator
Insulators contract in electric-field direction and so expand perpendicular to field {Maxwell stress}. Ferroelectric random-access memory (FRAM) uses dipoles as bits. Dipoles can be left or right spirals.
laminated plastic {Formica}.
Plastic sheets {linoleum} can be floor coverings.
Semiconductor polymers {oligothiophene} can have molybdenum or tungsten doping, which allows phosphorescence and fluorescence.
lightweight acrylic polymer {Orlon}.
ethylene polymer resin {polyethylene}.
rayon {rattail}.
thermoplastic resin {saran}.
Shrink-wrap {shape-memory polymer} (SMP) can hold shape. Other compounds, such as SMP polyurethane, change back to original shape at temperature. Cross-links determine shape. SMPs can be thermosetting or thermoplastic. Linear block copolymers have cross-link sections and shape-memory change segments.
Clear, flexible, thermally stable, inert, and water-repellent material {silicone} is R2SiO [2 is subscript] units, where R is any organic group. Elastic sealants {silicone rubber} can be for interior and exterior movable joints.
Plastics can be fibers {synthetic fiber}|.
Acrylonitrile and starch digested by lye [1884] make nitrocellulose {rayon fiber}. Rayon is absorbent, is soft, does not pill, and is not electric.
Synthetic fiber {polyester fiber} can be strong but electric.
Synthetic fiber {acetate fiber} can be lustrous and soft, such as Dacron.
Synthetic fiber {triacetate fiber} can be like acetate.
Acrylic synthetic fiber {acrylic fiber} can be wool-like and be for imitation fur. Synthetic fiber {modacrylic fiber} can be fur-like and flame resistant.
Nylon is strong. Synthetic fibers {Kevlar} can be strong and bulletproof.
Plastics {thermoplastic}| can melt at 120 C and easily mold. Vinyl, food wrap, furniture covers, and screens are thermoplastics.
Two chemicals can react when heated and then cool and stiffen in molds {thermosetting plastic}|. Thermosetting plastics melt only at high temperatures.
types
Thermosetting plastics include acrylonitrile, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, PET, and Teflon. Strong thermosetting plastics are lexan {polycarbonate} and Zytel-ST nylon. Thermosetting plastics can be insulators {phenolic} {Bakelite} [1909], dishes {melamine}, and cups {polystyrene} {Styrofoam}. Clear products {acrylic plastic} are Plexiglas {polymethyl-methacrylate} (PMMA), Orlon, and Acrilan. Polyamide {nylon} can be in stockings and toothbrushes. Dynel is part vinyl and acrylic. Thermosetting plastic can be from urea {urea derivative}.
vinyl polymer {vinyl}.
tropical balata hardwood-tree dried gum {balata}.
Milky sap from American tropical tree coagulates into gum {chicle}.
gum resin {frankincense}.
sturgeon air-bladder gelatin {isinglass}.
heated pine-wood viscous brown/black liquid {pine tar}, for roofing.
rosin or amber {resin, sap}.
pine sap {rosin}.
sperm-whale wax {ambergris, wax}.
Brazilian palm-tree-leaf wax {carnauba wax}.
Resins {sealing wax} can soften when warm and harden at room temperature, for making letter seals.
Boards {clapboard}, with bevels on sides, can fit into next boards, to make walls.
decayed leaves and wood {compost}.
Asian tropical-tree dark wood {ebony}.
Wood shavings {excelsior, material} can be for packing.
soot {lampblack}.
Boards {matchboard}, with groove on one long side and matching tongue on other long side, can mesh together to make floors or walls.
glued wood layers {plywood}.
Boards {punchboard} can have small-hole arrays.
gypsum plaster inside paper coating {wallboard}.
Ground and/or chemically digested wood {wood pulp} can be for making paper or fiberboard.
7-Machine-Industrial Materials
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225